Tag Archives: Connor MacDonald

YYC Queer Hockey History

Posted on October 2, 2025 by Kevin Allen | Leave a comment

{October is Queer History Month! We are excited to share new research from our friend, historian and professor, William Bridel – Kevin.}

Out on the Rink: A Brief History of Queer Hockey in Calgary

Dr. William Bridel, University of Calgary

For the past few years, I’ve been working on a project that explores the role and meaning of sport in Calgary’s queer history, focusing on the 1960s through to the early 2000s. Along with a former student, Connor MacDonald, we’ve interviewed several folks and I’ve spent a lot of time exploring media and organizational documents found in various archives including the Calgary Gay History Project Collection, housed at the University of Calgary. I have been grateful to gather many incredible stories about friendships, community, achievements, belongingness, and empowerment, stories that come from a variety of sports and different decades. But given that in the fall many—certainly not all, but many—Canadians’ thoughts turn to the sport of ice hockey I thought I’d share here some of what I found in that regard. This is also particularly timely as there’s been a pretty significant change in Calgary’s queer hockey scene (yep, there is one!) in 2025. But more on that later.

One day early on in my research, I came across a short article in the July 1993 issue of Perceptions, a bimonthly then monthly publication that covered queer happenings in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The story that caught my eye was simply titled “Queer Hockey” and was submitted by the International Gay Lesbian Hockey Association (IGLHA). Following a brief history of the organization, the article explained that the IGLHA were seeking to establish contacts with queer hockey players in Western Canada while also actively recruiting players and/or volunteers for Gay Games IV, which were held in New York in June 1994. Included on the sports-roster for those Games was ice hockey, with open, women’s, and men’s divisions offered. Calgary was very well represented at those Games in a variety of sports, but it is unclear from the materials I have found whether any Calgarians ended up connecting with IGLHA and/or played in the ice hockey tournament in New York.

Admittedly, after finding that article about the IGLHA, hockey slipped off my radar until I uncovered a series of articles in mainstream media related to a so-called “AIDS scare” in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1991 as well as a number of stories including homophobic comments made by a well-known coach by the name of Pat Burns in 1992. The next time in my research that hockey showed up was in a media article published in 2000. Canadian national team star Nancy Drolet came out publicly when a local reporter showed up at her wedding looking for a “story.” As Drolet framed it in an interview with Xtra, a queer media outlet based in Toronto: “He acted like it was the scoop of the century, but I’ve always been open and honest about my relationship with my family and friends…. But this gave me an opportunity to clarify some false impressions” (Webb, 2000, p. 13). But none of this information was about Calgary specifically and I didn’t know there was much of a hockey story to tell, at least not within the time period in which I was most interested.

Then, during an interview with one of my research participants, hockey came up in the conversation. While the participant, Rob, spoke early on in our discussion of having played high-level competitive hockey growing up, I wasn’t anticipating learning from him that there was a primarily gay hockey team playing in a Calgary men’s league in the late-1990s, the type of league often referred to as “men’s beer league hockey.” Rob noted during the interview that while they didn’t explicitly refer to themselves as a gay hockey team and that there were straight players on the roster, they also didn’t hide who they were and were quite well known as “the gay hockey team” in Calgary’s queer sport community. In Rob’s own words on forming the team:

“I was particularly interested in playing and continuing with hockey. So that’s how I kind of started up the hockey group. I started putting feelers out. There were a couple other people, friends in Calgary that were hockey players. They hadn’t played at the same level as me, but they were gay hockey players that I could start, like, a nucleus with. So, there was three or four people that kind of joined up and we started gathering and finding other people to join so that we could enter a team into the league that played out of the Olympic Oval…. That was in 1998 to 2000. ’98-99 was our first year, ’99-2000 was our second year. I remember putting up posters in Grabba Java [a coffee shop in Calgary known to be welcoming to the 2SLGBTQIA+ community]…. I can’t remember if I explicitly said a gay hockey team or not. There was one guy I remember recruiting from that.”

The team dissipated when Rob relocated to the West Coast. The presence of this team in that league in the late 1990s and early 2000s is an important part of Calgary’s queer sport history, regardless of whether other teams were aware they were playing against a team of queer athletes and allies. It was, after all, only one year prior to the team’s first season together that Alberta was forced by the Supreme Court of Canada to recognize discrimination based on sexual orientation as a violation of human rights. And the team’s first year playing pre-dates the actual amendment of the Alberta Human Rights Act to include sexual orientation by 10 years. Representation and claiming space mattered then and continue to matter now.

Some 15 years following Rob’s team’s debut in the Olympic Oval men’s hockey league, the Calgary Pioneers formed under the umbrella of the Calgary Gay Hockey Association (CGHA). An article in Gay Calgary® published in October 2016 and written by Michael Nguyen, explained the origins of CGHA and Pioneers hockey:

“After coming out to his former teammates, Mike Bell found himself without a team to play with, going into his league’s playoff games. In a place like Alberta—with a typically conservative reputation—it’s not always easy to be a sexual minority; let alone trying to find an accepting place as a gay hockey player. The good ol’ hockey game can be a bit of a disappointment when it comes to conversations in the locker room and, to prevent others experiencing what he had, Bell decided to take action. When Bell followed up with league organizers following his ousting, he found there were no protection or equality policies in place for gender and sexual minorities.”

The CGHA and the Pioneers found allies in organizers of the men’s recreational hockey league operated out of WinSport, the multisport facility located in Calgary’s Olympic Park. In an interview with the CBC in November 2016, Pioneers co-founder, Bell (from the quote above), noted that the formation of CGHA and the Pioneers was a way to create a safe space to play hockey as well as to challenge homophobia and other forms of discrimination:

“You want to have people around you that are supportive of what you are trying to achieve in terms of an environment”, he said. “If you have a whole team trying to create that safe environment, that is a lot more effective than having one person trying to create that environment”. (Bell, 2016, paras. 23-24).

Justin Connelly, an original player on the Pioneers, welcomed the opportunity to play on a gay hockey team and offered the following reflection on its formation and evolution:

“The Calgary Pioneers started out of a need for gay men to play hockey within their own community. A founder of the Pioneers [Bell] was asked not to play on their former team when some teammates found out about his sexuality. The Pioneers became a safe place for LGTBQ+ individuals to play hockey and find a sense of community within the sport they loved. The Pioneers grew into the CIHA and grew into a safe place for all within the LGTBQ+ community and allies alike.”

Reflecting growing interest and numbers, the CGHA formed an additional team in 2017—the Calgary Villagers. This team played in an introductory league, welcoming folks new to the sport or perhaps returning to hockey having played when they were younger. With still more interest, a third team was added; initially called the Panoptics this team would eventually become a second Villagers team. These teams played at three different levels in two different leagues: The Pioneers remained part of WinSport’s league while the Villagers played in Calgary’s CCSL (Co-Ed Sports Leagues). As alluded to in Connelly’s quote above, during this same period of time—2019 to be precise—the CGHA was renamed to the Calgary Inclusive Hockey Association (CIHA) in a very specific effort to be more welcoming to more of Calgary’s 2SLGBTQIA+ population.

2025 brought even more changes to queer and inclusive hockey in Calgary, with all three CIHA teams being rebranded under a unifying name: The Calgary Flare. The three different teams are named Sol, Luna, and Terra. With a soft launch of the new name and look during Pride Cup Alberta—an annual ball hockey tournament held during Edmonton’s Pride Fest—the Flare officially launched the rebrand during Calgary’s Pride Week with social media announcements including professional photos and videos and walking in the Pride Parade sporting their new jerseys…on a very sunny and hot Labour Day Weekend, I might add.

Mike Haska played a key role in the rebrand to Calgary Flare.
*Photo credit: CIHA/Matt Daniels. Photography funded by Freddie.*

A member of CIHA for a number of years and current Director of Sponsorships, Mike Haska was a key figure in the rebrand. When asked about the reasoning behind the change to name and look, Haska commented that,

“the most powerful aspect of our rebranding project was the fact that the push to change arose from CIHA’s increasingly diverse membership. As we added players to our roster who are trans, lesbian, bisexual and queer identifying, our members posed questions to us on the Board about whether the name and logo on the jerseys was something that all our players could feel a sense of alignment to. The fact that we evolved our identity in order to encompass and embrace a more inclusive representation of hockey players is something that this association and all its members and leaders, past and present, can be very proud of because it shows their efforts have effected meaningful change.”

CIHA members in their new Flare gear, the outcome of a rebrand officially launched during Calgary Pride 2025. *Photo credit: CIHA/Matt Daniels. Photography funded by Freddie.*

Continuing the mission to create safe and inclusive hockey spaces for 2SLGBTQIA+ hockey players who may have left the sport or felt isolated within it, the Flare also, quoting from their website, serves as “a beacon to these players, signaling they belong” and reflects that the queer and trans communities are “bold, colourful, and full of character,” living and leading lives, well, “with flair”. In addition to the three Flare teams, a team started in 2024 by Bell and other former Pioneers—the Renegades—plays in the WinSport league. While not connected to CIHA, the Renegades provide another space for members of Calgary’s queer community to participate in a sport they enjoy, and in a sport that—like so many others—has been terribly unwelcoming and unsafe for trans and queer folks.

Queer sporting spaces, such as these hockey teams and associations, are part of Calgary’s queer history and have played a role in challenging the norms of sport that told so many of us that we didn’t belong. That said, there remains much more work to be done. We can learn from our past as we forge ahead to our future.

References

Bell, D. (2016, November). Gay recreational hockey team breaks new ground in Calgary. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-gay-hockey-team-1.3844819#:~:text=A%20Calgary%20man%20felt%20he,the%20team%2C%22%20he%20said

Brennan, H. (2025, April). Calgary’s first gay hockey team looks a lot different 10 years later. Yahoo! News. https://ca.news.yahoo.com/calgary-first-gay-hockey-team-180208734.html

Nguyen, M. (2016, October). Pioneers on the ice: Calgary “Cs” new era of gay friendly puck handling. Gay Calgary Magazine. https://www.gaycalgary.com/Magazine.aspx?id=154&article=5330

Webb, M. (2000, September 5). Team Canada athlete comes out: High-scoring Nancy Drolet’s high-profile marriage. XTRA!, 13.

{WB}

YYCgaySPORThistory

Posted on February 27, 2020 by Kevin Allen | 1 comment

{This week, the Calgary Gay History Project is pleased to present a guest article from the U of C’s Connor MacDonald!}

The Paradox of Queer Sport Stories in Calgary’s History

The following is a summary of an honours thesis completed by Connor MacDonald in 2019. Connor’s work was supervised by Dr. William Bridel in the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Calgary.

It is sometimes difficult to think about sport critically. Sport, after all, provides opportunities for people to witness and celebrate (or even perform) what seem to be superhuman feats. Sport also allows us opportunities to cheer on local teams as well as athletes representing our country in international competition. And, sport is proposed to provide opportunities for physical, mental, and social health benefits through participation. Those critical of sport, however, point to the ways that it has been and continues to be exclusionary. This is no less true for LGBTQ+ persons and communities where sport has often held a paradoxical role: it is well documented how LGBTQ+ persons have experienced discrimination, harassment, and abuse in (largely) mainstream sport while also experiencing sport as a form of community building.

Lesbian Softball in Calgary circa 1965

As Kevin Allen notes in Our Past Matters: Stories of Gay Calgary, there were two lesbian softball teams in Calgary during the 1960s, who would play games and then meet afterward for drinks and food in the backroom of the Cecil Hotel. I was curious what other examples there may have been of LGBTQ+ sport at the time and in the decades that followed. This was of particular interest to me given the conservative political and cultural backdrop of Calgary in the 1980s and 90s. Thus, for my undergraduate thesis, I interviewed three self-identified gay men who all resided in Calgary in the 1980s and onward, and who had varying levels of involvement in local sport and physical activity. Interviews lasted between 2.5 and 3-hours and we covered many topics, with many similar ideas raised by each of the three participants.

LGBTQ Sport Organizations & the Calgary Community

Beyond the two lesbian softball teams in the 1960s, it appears that the first organized LGBTQ+ sport association in Calgary was Apollo—Friends in Sports. According to Apollo’s website, Facebook page, and interviews with participants, the organization was established in 1981 with a humble beginning of only four members initially. Apollo has grown since that time to over 400 members at present. The primary purpose of Apollo in the beginning was to organize a multi-sport event, presumably modeled after LGBTQ+ sport organizations in other cities in North America, leading to the inaugural Gay Games held in 1982 in San Francisco. The Alberta Rockies Gay Rodeo Association (ARGRA, now CRGRA—Canadian Rockies Gay Rodeo Association) was created in 1991 with its first event held in 1994. With the growth of LGBTQ+ sport in Calgary, the city hosted the first North American Outgames in 2007.

This growth all took place while relationships between LGBTQ+ persons/organizations and Calgary and Alberta politicians were tenuous. As Allen notes in his book, Al Duerr, who was mayor of Calgary from 1989 to 2001, proclaimed his support for Apollo and for Pride, but later backed out on that support. More generally, it was difficult to receive sport-related funding from the provincial government and municipal governments, despite growing financial and policy-support for sport in Canada more broadly. This compounded the difficulty for LGBTQ+ sport fund opportunities in Calgary. However, this did not stop organizers from tirelessly gathering resources, funding, and partnerships with local businesses to host provincial, nationwide, and international sport tournaments. Despite resistance, prejudice, and discrimination, the growth in LGBTQ+ organizations, including sport, allowed for connections with the wider Calgary community—and with each other.

Sport and physical activity acted as an access point to socialization, connecting these groups to other community organizations (e.g., Rocky Mountain Singers, Imperial Sovereign Court of the Chinook Arch (ISCCA)), as well as forging national and international relationships with other LGBTQ+ sport groups (e.g., The Gay Games). One participant spoke specifically about the relationship between ARGRA and the ISCCA, noting that in early years ISCCA would sponsor a belt buckle for ARGRA, who in turn would support ISCCA events through ticket purchases and attendance. As he stated, “you scratch our backs, we scratch yours”. Both organizations benefitted from the relationship through exposure to community members who otherwise may not have known about their respective events and fundraising initiatives.

LGBTQ+ Sport Organizations as “Safe Spaces”

Beyond these more general ideas about emerging LGBTQ+ sport groups and events and their place in the Calgary queer community and city more broadly, the men I interviewed also spoke quite specifically about LGBTQ+ sport organizations and teams as “safe spaces” and places used for socialization and friendship building.

They’re definitely safe spaces for people to come out early, and later in life. Like, I witnessed it. I can remember volleyball back in the early 90s… I saw a guy that was in his late 20s showing up and playing volleyball with us, and not identifying as gay, and then, you know, a couple weeks later, “I’m questioning.” Then, you know, two or three months later, “I’m comfortable…a little bit more comfortable, but still struggling.”

I think that sports played, for me personally, sports played a big part of my fitting into Calgary. If I hadn’t had that connection. I probably would have left Calgary. I probably would have moved somewhere else, back to Montreal. And I actually contemplated it in the first six months, and it took me a good two or three years to feel comfortable here.

My gay best friend, one of his first parts of coming out, was coming out to the Frontrunners (an LGBT running club founded in 1991). It’s so safe to just go out [and] try a drop-in running group…. That was a great way to meet people and bring them into the community.

Competitiveness and Exclusion

While being presented as “safe spaces” in terms of coming out and finding community, many of the sport organizations and teams in which these men were involved also followed mainstream sport models. Instead of focusing on fun and participation, competition and performance took precedent, lessening the potential of these so-called inclusionary spaces. The stratification of certain sports into “beginner” and “expert” levels, such as volleyball, sometimes resulted in cliques and feelings of tension in an otherwise social and supportive environment.

These spaces were also often not welcoming spaces to lesbians and queer women. One participant commented specifically that he recalled having conversations with women about this issue.

Women would say to me, “A lot of women won’t come out because they’re gonna’… they feel that… an all-women’s team, playing against an all-male team, there’s an unfair, it’s not level. They also don’t feel welcome on mixed [teams]”. So, you know… this team has one woman, or two women on it, and five or six guys, and they found that they weren’t getting played enough, or, you know… enough time on the court.

Sport and “Healthiness”

Despite the close relationships between some of the sport and community organizations, it was also evident that sports such as volleyball, running, curling, and spaces of physical activity, such as the YMCA in Eau Claire, were positioned as “healthier” alternatives to the bar scene, which was one of the predominant forms of community building in early queer Calgary:

I don’t know, it’s like… like-minded people so that’s what their comfortable with, that’s who they want to be around. I don’t say this in a bad way, but I know a lot of guys who would go to Apollo weekend, ‘cause they [were hoping] to date a healthy guy. If guys who wanted to date healthy men, they thought—in their opinion—it was an easier way to get a date out of it. “Let’s go to Apollo weekend, those guys are healthy.”

While a paradoxical distinction was made between sport participation and “healthiness” and alcohol consumption and the bar scene, the men interviewed also commented on the importance sport organizations and teams had for Calgary and area men who were living with HIV and AIDS.

[W]hen I first joined Apollo…. a couple of their earlier founders had been diagnosed HIV positive, and some had passed away, some were too ill to participate anymore…. That was also my first sort of contact with HIV in the sense of knowing people who were positive. I would say that would probably be the biggest secret in the leagues at that time. And people didn’t talk about status…. But it never… it never kept people from participating. There was no, “Oh, you can’t participate.” You know we encouraged people, and for some people, it was their only outlet. It was their only way out of the house. Their only social activity…. I know some of the members made sure that, you know, they would pick people up to take them to bowling, even if they weren’t bowing, they were just sitting there and watching, and having a beer. It was a way out of their house…. And to forget their illness, and things like that.

Local AIDS Calgary advertisement featuring Apollo members.

Calgary sport organizations seemed to provide a safe and supportive space for men living with HIV and AIDS at a time of significant (and unfounded) fear in sport about HIV+ athletes as well as tremendous amounts of AIDS-related stigma in the broader cultural context.

Summary and Next Steps

While each interview participant had unique histories with sport and physical activity in Calgary, many similar ideas or themes were generated in our conversations. The ideas of community building and safety, as well as competitiveness and positioning sport as a “healthier” alternative to bars, are consistent with research done on LGBTQ+ sport in other parts of Canada and internationally. That these groups and spaces emerged and grew during a time of strong conservatism in the province and the city speaks to the power and potential of sport. I was thrilled to be able to gather these stories from the three participants and am grateful for their willingness to share their experiences and their knowledge. There are, to be sure, important stories remaining to be gathered from other Calgarians who participated in sport and physical activity during the latter part of the last century—women, trans, and gender non-conforming persons in particular—so that a richer and more complex history can be recorded. As such, the possibility of extending this research project is being explored.

Additional Reading

Our Past Matters: Stories of Gay Calgary by Kevin Allen, published by ASPublishing in 2018.

The Gay Games: A History by Caroline Symons, published by Routledge in 2010.

It’s Good to Talk: Oral History, Sports History and Heritage by Fiona Skillen and Carol Osborne, published in The International Journal of the History of Sport in 2015.

Transgender Inclusion and the Changing Face of Lesbian Softball Leagues by Ann Travers and Jillian Deri, published in the International Review for the Sociology of Sport in 2011.

Sport, Sexuality, and the Production of (Resistant) Bodies: De-/Re-Constructing the Meanings of Gay Male Marathon Corporeality by William Bridel and Genevieve Rail, published in the Sociology of Sport Journal in 2007.

Therapeutic Landscapes and the Regulated Body in the Toronto Front Runners by Cathy van Ingen, published in Sociology of Sport Journal in 2004 (pp. 253-269).

{CM}